their trade were known he would have to work all the
time to satisfy the demands of the police. Therefore it
would be better for Jurgis to stay in hiding and never be
seen in public with his pal. But Jurgis soon got very
tired of staying in hiding. In a couple of weeks he was
feeling strong and beginning to use his arm, and then he
could not stand it any longer. Duane, who had done a
job of some sort by himself, and made a truce with the
powers, brought over Marie, his little French girl, to share
with him; but even that did not avail for long, and in
the end he had to give up arguing, and take Jurgis
out and introduce him to the saloons and "sporting-
houses" where the big crooks and "hold-up men" hung
out.

And so Jurgis got a glimpse of the high-class criminal
world of Chicago. The city, which was owned by an
oligarchy of businessmen, being nominally ruled by the
people, a huge army of graft was necessary for the pur~
pose of effecting the transfer of power. Twice a year, in
the spring and fall elections, millions of dollars were fur~
nished by the businessmen and expended by this army;
meetings were held and clever speakers were hired, bands
played and rockets sizzled, tons of documents and reser~
voirs of drinks were distributed, and tens of thousands of
votes were bought for cash. And this army of graft had,
of course, to be maintained the year round. The leaders
and organizers were maintained by the businessmen
directly, -- aldermen and legislators by means of bribes,
party officials out of the campaign funds, lobbyists and
corporation lawyers in the form of salaries, contractors by
means of jobs, labor union leaders by subsidies, and news~
paper proprietors and editors by advertisements. The
rank and file, however, were either foisted upon the city,
or else lived off the populace directly. There was the
police department, and the fire and water departments,
and the whole balance of the civil list, from the meanest
office-boy to the head of a city department; and for the
horde who could find no room in these, there was the
world of vice and crime, there was license to seduce, to

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v?