[4-59] James Boyle, _Shamans,_Software,_and_Spleens:_Law_and_the_Construction_of_the_In-_
_formation_Society_ (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1996), ch. 4.

[4-60] This is especially the case with embedded systems, which have exploded recently
because of the ability to incorporate essential operating system code freely. See "Em-
bedded Linux Basics," http://lw.itworld.com/linuxworld/lw-2000-05/lw-05-embedded_p.
html; "Companies Bet on Embedded Linux," http://www.forbes.com/2000/04/07/mu4.
html.

Chapter 5

[5-1] See Susan J. Douglas, _Inventing_American_Broadcasting_1899-1922,_ reprint ed. (Bal-
timore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997), 227-228; Eszter Hargittai, "Radio's
Lessons for the Internet," _Communications_ACM_ 43 (2000): 51, 54.

[5-2] See _National_Broadcasting_Co._ v. _U.S.,_ 319 U.S. 190, 210 (1943). Radio "broadcast-
ing," however, did not begin until KDKA began its service in Pittsburgh in 1920. See
Thomas W. Hazlett, "The Wireless Craze, the Unlimited Bandwidth Myth, the Spec-
trum Auction Faux Pas, and the Punchline to Ronald Coase's 'Big Joke': An Essay on Air-
wave Allocation Policy" (Working Paper 01-01, AEI-Brookings Joint Center for
Regulatory Studies, January 2001), 95 (_Harvard_Journal_of_Law_and_Technology,_ spring
2001).

[5-3] See _Red_Lion_Broadcasting_ v. _FCC,_ 395 U.S. 367, fn4 (1969). The statute was the
Radio Act of 1927, ch. 169, 44 Stat. 1162 (1927).

[5-4] For an excellent account of the emergence of broadcasting as we would recognize it,
see Douglas, 292-322.

[5-5] Robert W. McChesney, _Rich_Media,_Poor_Democracy:_Communication_Politics_in_
_Dubious_Times_ (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1999), 192.

[5-6] Ibid., 194.

[5-7] Hazlett, "The Wireless Craze," 48.

[5-8] Edward S. Herman and Robert W. McChesney, _The_Global_Media:_The_New_Mis-_
_sionaries_of_Corporate_Capitalism_ (London and Washington, D.C.: Cassell, 1997), 138.

[5-9] Erik Barnouw, _A_History_of_Broadcasting_in_the_United_States,_ vol. 1 (New York: Ox-
ford University Press, 1966-1970), 96, 177-178, 243, 262-266.

[5-10] See Peter W. Huber, Michael K. Kellogg, and John Thorne, _Federal_Telecommuni-_
_cations_Law,_ 2nd ed. (Gaithersburg, Md.: Aspen Law & Business, 1999), 220-221,
865-866.

[5-11] _NBC_ v. _U.S.,_ 213.

[5-12] Ibid., 228 (Murphy, J., dissenting).

[5-13] R. H. Coase, "The Federal Communications Commission," _Journal_of_Law_and_
_Economics_ 2 (1959): 1.

[5-14] The idea originated in an article by a University of Chicago law student. See Leo
Herzel, "'Public Interest' and the Market in Color Television Regulation," _University_of_
_Chicago_Law_Review_ 18 (1951): 802, 811-812 ("The FCC could lease channels for a
stated period to the highest bidder without making any other judgment of the economic
or engineering adequacy of the standards to be used by the applicant."). See also Rich-
ard A. Posner, _Economic_Analysis_of_Law,_ 4th ed. (Boston: Little, Brown, 1992), 673 (say-
ing the Supreme Court's rationale for different spectrum regulation rules "is economic
nonsense").

Ronald Coase, however, made the idea famous. See Yochai Benkler, "Overcoming
Agoraphobia: Building the Commons of the Digitally Networked Environment," _Har-_
_vard_Journal_of_Law_&_Technology_ 11 (1998): 287, 316-317.

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