[7-41] Bagdikian, 4.

[7-42] Ibid., x.

[7-43] See Mike Hoyt, "With 'Strategic Alliances,' the Map Gets Messy," _Columbia_Jour-_
_nalism_Review_ (January-February 2000), at http://www.cjr.org/year/00/1/hoyt.asp;
_Global_Media_Economics:_Commercialization,_Concentration_and_Integration_of_World_
_Media_Markets,_ Allan B. Albarran and Sylvia M. Chan-Olmsted, eds. (Ames: Iowa State
University Press, 1998), 19-31; Dennis W. Mazzocco, _Networks_of_Power:_Corporate_T.V.'s_
_Threat_to_Democracy_ (Boston, Mass.: South End Press, 1994), 1-8. Cf. Benjamin M.
Compaine, "Distinguishing Between Concentration and Competition," in _Who_Owns_
_the_Media,_ 3rd ed., Benjamin M. Compaine and Douglas Gomery, eds. (Mahwah, N.J.:
L. Erlbaum Associates, 2000), 537; Douglas Gomery, "Interpreting Media Ownership,"
in _Who_Owns_the_Media?,_ 3rd ed., Benjamin M. Compaine and Douglas Gomery, eds.
(Mahwah, N.J.: L. Erlbaum Associates, 2000), 507.

[7-44] Bagdikian, 7. There are, of course, many who believe there is no necessary link be-
tween the mergers and these features of modern media. See, e.g., Steven Rattner, "A
Golden Age of Competition," in _Media_Mergers,_ Nancy J. Woodhull and Robert W.
Snyder, eds. (New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Publishers, 1998), 9. See also Bruce M.
Owen, _Economics_and_Freedom_of_Expression:_Media_Structure_and_the_First_Amendment_
(Cambridge, Mass.: Ballinger Publishing Company, 1975).

[7-45] Andrew Kreig, _Spiked:_How_Chain_Management_Corrupted_America's_Oldest_News-_
_paper_ (Old Saybrook, Conn.: Peregrine Press, 1987).

[7-46] Bagdikian, 30.

[7-47] McChesney, 245.

[7-48] Compare Judge Posner's comment: "[T]he management of a large publicly held
corporation will have difficulty finding issues on which a partisan stand would not alien-
ate large numbers of shareholders." Posner, _Economic_Analysis_of_Law,_ 674.

[7-49] Bagdikian, 129.

[7-50] Ibid., 35.

[7-51] McChesney, 80, 179.

[7-52] Ibid., 250.

[7-53] Ibid., 148.

[7-54] Ibid., 168.

Chapter 8

[8-1] See Lawrence Lessig, _Code_and_Other_Laws_of_Cyberspace_ (New York: Basic Books,
1999).

[8-2] For examples of on-line mapping services, see MapQuest.com at http://www.
mapquest.com; Maps On Us at http://www.mapsonus.com; and MapBlast! at http://www.
mapblast.com.

[8-3] For examples of on-line translation Web sites, see AltaVista World/Translate at
http://world.altavista.com; FreeTranslation.com at http://www.freetranslation.com; and
From Language to Language at http://www.langtolang.com.

[8-4] A short list of many examples of on-line dictionaries includes Merriam-Webster
OnLine at http://www.m-w.com; Cambridge Dictionaries Online at http://dictionary.
cambridge.org; and AllWords.com at http://www.allwords.com. There are also sites that
perform aggregate searches through multiple multilingual dictionaries, such as
yourDictionary.com at http://www.yourdictionary.com.

[8-5] As we'll see in chapter 11, this is not a slight constraint. Because his site was non-
commercial, Eldred could include only work that had fallen into the public domain.

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