_International_Law_Journal_ 34: 165, 209 (promoting compulsory licenses in the context of
databases); Christopher Scott Harrison, comment, "Protection of Pharmaceuticals as
Foreign Policy: The Canada-U.S. Trade Agreement and Bill C-22 Versus the North
American Free Trade Agreement and Bill C-91" (2001), _North_Carolina_Journal_of_Inter-_
_national_Law_and_Communications_Regulation_ 26: 457, 525 (advocating generally the
free distribution of compulsory licenses); Anthony Reese, "Copyright and Internet
Music Transmissions: Existing Law, Major Controversies, Possible Solutions" (2001),
_University_of_Miami_Law_Review_ 55: 237, 270 (arguing for the extension of compulsory
licenses in the area of music on the Internet); Bess-Carolina Dolmo, note, "Examining
Global Access to Essential Pharmaceuticals in the Face of Patent Protection Rights: The
South African Experience" (2001), _Buffalo_Human_Rights_Law_Review_ 7: 137 (explain-
ing the benefits of compulsory licenses for developing countries); Sheldon W. Halpern,
"The Digital Threat to the Normative Role of Copyright Law" (2001), _Ohio_State_Law_
_Journal_ 62: 569, 593 (supporting compulsory licensing for digital images); Laura N. Ga-
saway, "Impasse: Distance Learning and Copyright" (2001), _Ohio_State_Law_Journal_ 62:
783 (questioning the practicality of compulsory licenses); Robert P. Merges, "One Hun-
dred Years of Solicitude: Intellectual Property Law, 1900-2000," (2000), _California_Law_
_Review_ 88: 2187, 2194, n. 15 (criticizing compulsory licenses in one context); Robert P.
Merges, "Contracting into Liability Rules: Intellectual Property Rights and Collective
Rights Organizations," _California_Law_Review_ 84: 1293, (arguing against compulsory li-
censes for digital content); Ralph Oman, "The Compulsory License Redux: Will It Sur-
vive in a Changing Marketplace?" (1986), _Cardozo_Arts_&_Entertainment_Law_Journal_ 5:
37, 48 (noting that many actors in the area of intellectual property prefer private solu-
tions over compulsory licenses); Scott L. Bach, note, "Music Recording, Publishing, and
Compulsory Licenses: Toward a Consistent Copyright Law," _Hofstra_Law_Review_ 14:
379, 398-401 (arguing that compulsory licenses are unfair to many artists, discourage in-
novation, and may be unconstitutional under the copyright clause).

[11-46] For a similar argument, see Raymond Shih Ray Ku, "Copyright & Cyberspace:
Napster and the New Economics of Digital Technology" (draft on file with author,
April 7, 2001) ("[C]yberspace and the economics of digital technology require the un-
bundling of the public's interests in the creation and distribution of digital works.").

[11-47] Christopher Stern, "Napster Copyright Fight Goes to Hill," _Washington_Post,_
April 4, 2001, E03.

[11-48] Vaidhyanathan, 14.

[11-49] Richard A. Posner, _Law_and_Literature,_ rev. and enlarged ed. (Cambridge, Mass.: Har-
vard University Press, 1998), 392.

[11-50] Ibid., 396. See also William M. Landes and Richard A. Posner, "An Economic
Analysis of Copyright Law," _Journal_of_Legal_Studies_ 18 (1989): 325.

[11-51] For the history of Judge Kozinski, see Susan Rice's "Profile," in _Los_Angeles_Daily_
_Journal,_ September 29, 1988, 1. See also _History_of_the_Federal_Judiciary_ (Washington,
D.C.: Federal Judicial Center, 2001) (bio of Alex Kozinski from Federal Judges Bio-
graphical Database), at http://air.fjc.gov/history/judges_frm.html.

[11-52] _Vanna_White_ v. _Samsung_Elecs._Am.,_Inc.;_David_Deutsch_Assocs.,_ 989 F. 2d 1512,
1514 (1993).

[11-53] Ibid., 34.

[11-54] Ibid., 27.

[11-55] Ibid.

[11-56] Ibid.

[11-57] Ibid., 31.

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