[3-22] Baran confirmed this history to me in an interview. "So the first level of objections
was about technology -- that I didn't understand how the telephone system worked,
[and] that what I'm proposing could not possibly work." Interview with Paul Baran.

[3-23] Naughton, 107. Authors Katie Hafner and Matthew Lyon recount a similar resis-
tance in _Where_Wizards_Stay_Up_Late:_The_Origins_of_the_Internet_ (New York: Simon &
Schuster, 1996), 62-64.

[3-24] Interview with Paul Baran.

[3-25] Ibid.

[3-26] See Steve Bickerstaff, "Shackles on the Giant: How the Federal Government Cre-
ated Microsoft, Personal Computers, and the Internet," _Texas_Law_Review_ 78 (1999): 1,
60-61 (explaining that "restrictions on the Bell System helped the personal computer
market to develop through diverse competition and innovation"); Peter W. Huber, _Law_
_and_Disorder_in_Cyberspace:_Abolish_the_FCC_and_Let_Common_Law_Rule_the_Telecosm_
(Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1997).

[3-27] Naughton, 108-9.

[3-28] Interview with Paul Baran.

[3-29] See J. H. Saltzer et al., "End-to-End Arguments in System Design," available at
http://web.mit.edu/Saltzer/www/publications/endtoend/endtoend.pdf; David P. Reed et
al., "Active Networking in End-to-End Arguments," available at http://Web.mit.edu/
Saltzer/www/publications/endtoend/ANe2ecomment.html. For treatment of e2e, see
Cameron R. Graham, "Cable TV Law 2001: Competition in Video, Internet and Tele-
phony," _Practicing_Law_Institute:_PLI_Order_No._G0-00LY,_ 642 (2001): 486; Rob
Frieden, "Does a Hierarchical Internet Necessitate Multilateral Intervention?," _North_
_Carolina_Journal_of_International_Law_and_Commercial_Regulation_ 26 (2001): 361;
Robert M. Kossick Jr., "The Internet in Latin America: New Opportunities, Develop-
ments and Challenges," _Cyberspace_Lawyer_ 6, no. 1 (2001): 11 (noting the use of end-to-
end principles in Brazil and Mexico); and Lawrence Lessig, foreword, "Cyberspace and
Privacy: A New Legal Paradigm?," _Stanford_Law_Review_ 52 (2000): 987.

[3-30] National Research Council, _The_Internet's_Coming_of_Age_ (Washington, D.C.: Na-
tional Academy Press, 2000), 30.

[3-31] Telephone interview with David P. Reed (February 7, 2001), who contributed to the
early design of the Internet protocols -- TCP/IP -- while a graduate student at MIT.

[3-32] As I describe in this paragraph, the importance of architecture to the character of
the Internet was a theme of the early activism of Mitch Kapor. But the author who first
focused the importance of architecture on the issues I describe in this book is Kevin Wer-
bach. As Werbach wrote in _Release_1.0:_

____ Architecture matters. For the most part, today's Net is open, decentralized and competi-
____ tive. It fosters innovation because it is a standards-based general-purpose platform...
____ [But t]he people building the next generation of high-speed access pipes are trying to
____ change this model.

Kevin Werbach, "The Architecture of Internet 2.0," _Release_1.0_ (February 19, 1999).
As Francois Bar puts it, describing the electronic marketplace: "The most fundamental
transformation of commercial activities [from cyberspace] is not primarily about effi-
ciency, but has to do with the market and industry structure. It is about architecture."
Francois Bar, "The Construction of Marketplace Architecture," _Brookings_&_Internet_
_Policy_Institute_ (forthcoming 2001): 12.

[3-33] Lawrence Lessig, _Code_and_Other_Laws_of_Cyberspace_ (New York: Basic Books,
1999), 243, note 19 (citing Kapor).

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