[3-34] To computer scientists, my use of the term _architecture_ is a bit misleading. Com-
puter scientists typically use "architecture" to refer to "the visible characteristics of only
the element actually performing instructions, that is, the processor of a computer sys-
tem"; Harold Lorin, _Introduction_to_Computer_Architecture_and_Organization_, 2nd ed.
(New York: Wiley, 1989), 10, and analogously for a network. IBM's System/360 is said to
be the first computer system to have had an "architecture." According to its architects,
"the term _architecture_ [means] the attributes of a system as seen by the programmer, i.e.,
the conceptual structure and functional behavior, as distinct from the organization of the
data flow and controls, the logical design and the physical implementation." Carliss Y.
Baldwin and Kim B. Clark, _Design_Rules,_ vol. 1 (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 2000), 215.

I mean the term to be far more general -- to refer to "both the Internet's technical pro-
tocols (e.g., TCP/IP) and its entrenched structures of governance and social patterns of
usage that themselves are not easily changeable, at least not without coordinated action
by many parties." Lawrence Lessig and Paul Resnick, "Zoning Internet Speech," _Michi-_
_gan_Law_Review_ 98 (1999): 395.

[3-35] Network Working Group, "Request for Comments: 1958, Architectural Principles
of the Internet," Brian E. Carpenter, ed. (1996), available at http://www.ietf.org/rfc/
rfc1958.txt.

[3-36] Ibid, #2.1.

[3-37] Ibid.

[3-38] Tim Berners-Lee, _Weaving_the_Web:_The_Original_Design_and_Ultimate_Destiny_of_
_the_World_Wide_Web_by_Its_Inventor_ (San Francisco: HarperSanFrancisco, 1999), 99.

[3-39] As background, see Peter Cukor and Lee McKnight, "Knowledge Networks, the
Internet, and Development," _Fletcher_Forum_of_World_Affairs_ (Winter 2001): 43, 46;
George Gilder, _Telecosm:_How_Infinite_Bandwidth_Will_Revolutionize_Our_World_ (New
York: Free Press, 2000), 70-71.

[3-40] Telephone interview with David Isenberg, February 14, 2001.

[3-41] Or at least this is an ideal. See Roger Feldman, "e2e vs. General Edison OnLine,"
_PMA_OnLine_Magazine,_ http://www.retailenergy.com/feldman/0007flmn.htm.

[3-42] Telephone interview with David Reed.

[3-43] Berners-Lee, 208.

[3-44] National Research Council, 138.

[3-45] Ibid., 107.

[3-46] Ibid., 36-37.

[3-47] Ibid., 37.

[3-48] Douglas E. Comer, _Internetworking_with_TCP/IP,_ 4th ed., vol. 1 (Upper Saddle
River, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 2000), 691 (HTTP stands for "hypertext transfer protocol" and
is "[t]he protocol used to transfer Web documents from a server to a browser"), 713 (TCP
stands for "transmission control protocol"), and 694 (IP stands for "Internet protocol)."
Together, TCP and IP allow data delivery between machines on the Internet. "The en-
tire protocol suite is often referred to as TCP/IP because TCP and IP are the two funda-
mental protocols.").

[3-49] Berners-Lee, 35.

[3-50] See, e.g., Paul E. Ceruzzi, _A_History_of_Modern_Computing_ (Cambridge, Mass.:
MIT Press, 1998), 301-2 (describing hypertext "inventor" Ted Nelson's debt to Vannevar
Bush, quoting Bush: "The human mind... operates by association. With one item in its
grasp, it snaps instantly to the next that is suggested by the association of thoughts, in ac-
cordance with some intricate web of trails carried by the cells of the brain.").

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